Three-Dimensional Visual Reliability and the Three-Dimensional Visual Precision Analysis found that the Occipital Structure Sensor and Artec Leo are comparable for all locations, except for the Visibility of Landmark location. The scans provided by the two (2) three-dimensional scanners (the Occipital Structure Sensor and Artec Leo) were analyzed during the post-processing stage for the Three-Dimensional Visual Reliability Analysis and Three-Dimensional Visual Precision Analysis using a Post-Processing Visual Analysis Likert Scale (Juhnke, Pokorny, and Griffin, 2021). During the Secondary Anthropometric Tool Precision Analysis, no statistical significance was found when comparing scans that did not require independent landmark identification. Due to this, a Secondary Anthropometric Tool Precision Analysis took place for the six (6) participants with complete landmarks. The Anthropometric Tool Precision Analysis included independent identification of landmarks at Fingertips of Digit 2 and 3 for six (6) out of twelve (12) Occipital Structure scans, which impacted two (2) measurements, Hand Length and Index Finger Length. The Occipital Structure Sensor captured comparable measurements, except for Index Finger Length and Index Finger Circumference at the Distal Interphalangeal Joint measurements compared to traditional methods (caliper and tape measure) and the Artec Leo. Within the Anthropometric Tool Precision Analysis, the Artec Leo captured comparable measurements to those collected using traditional methods (caliper and tape measure). The Occipital Structure Sensor was more reliable than traditional methods (caliper and tape measure) and less reliable than the Occipital Structure Sensor. This study found that the Artec Leo scanner was more reliable than traditional methods (caliper and tape measure) and the Occipital Structure Sensor. Eight (8) defined measurements were analyzed for Anthropometric Tool Reliability Analysis and Anthropometric Tool Precision Analysis. Twelve (12) three-dimensional hand scans, from a more extensive database taken by the Human Dimensioning Lab at the University of Minnesota, were three-dimensionally printed. A visual analysis of the three-dimensional models provided from the two (2) full-color hand-held three-dimensional scanners (Occipital Structure Sensor and Artec Leo) took place during the post-processing stage to determine the three-dimensional visual reliability and precision. Further studies with large sample sizes representing whole country are recommended to establish the standard MF and AMF anthropometrics of Zambian population.This study examines the reliability and precision of three (3) different tools for collecting anthropometric data of the hand, traditional anthropometric tools (caliper and tape measure) and two (2) full-color hand-held three-dimensional scanners (Occipital Structure Sensor and Artec Leo). The clinical creditability of the study is cautioning the surgeons on possible variations of the MF and AMF anthropometrics compared to existing literature in order to avoid any unforeseen injury related to anaesthesia or dental surgeries. The findings emphasize the ethnic variations and edify that the foramen position is not always as stated in reference textbooks. The comparative analysis of mandibular anthropometrics showed significant variations (p<0.05) with different ethnic groups. The foramens were mostly oval in shape and their most common position was between the second premolar and first molar and the most common orientation was posterior-superior. All mandibles that were examined had bilateral MF while unilateral AMF was found in two mandibles (6%). Data were considered significant at p<0.05. All measurements were performed using a Digital Vernier Calliper and statistically analysed for per cent frequency and mean and standard deviations, and we performed the one sample t-test for comparative analysis. A total of 33 Zambian adult human mandibles were evaluated for shape, position, and direction of opening of foramen. The study aimed at evaluating anthropometrics of MF and AMF in Zambian adult human mandibles and it was cleared for ethics from TDRC Ethics Review Committee (Reg. The mental foramen (MF) and accessory mental foramen (AMF) are the strategically important landmarks during surgical interventions and anaesthetic nerve blocks procedures involving the mental nerve.

Anthropometrics graphical analysis